Supporting-Evidence-Exercise
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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
I. The sharing economy is a little like online
shopping, which started in America 15 years ago. At
first, people were worried about security. But having
made a successful purchase from, say, Amazon, they
5 felt safe buying elsewhere. Similarly, using Airbnb or
a ca-r hire service for the first time encourages people to
try other offerings. Next, consider eBay. Having started
out as a peer-to-peer marketplace, it is now dominated
by professional “power sellers” (many of whom started
10 out as ordinary eBay users). The same may happen with
the sharing economy, which also provides new
opportunities for enterprise. Some people have bought
cars solely to rent them out, for example. Incumbents
are getting involved too. Avis, a car-hire firm, has a share
15 in a sharing rival. So do GM and Daimler, two carmakers.
In the future, companies may develop hybrid models,
listing excess capacity (whether vehicles, equipment or
office space) on peer-to-peer rental sites. In the past,
new ways of doing things online have not displaced the
20 old ways entirely. But they have often changed them.
Just as internet shopping forced Walmart and Tesco to
adapt, so online sharing will shake up transport, tourism,
equipment-hire and more. The main worry is regulatory uncertainty. Will
25 room-4-renters be subject to hotel taxes, for example?
In Amsterdam officials are using Airbnb listings to track
down unlicensed hotels. In some American cities,
peer-to-peer taxi services have been banned after
lobbying by traditional taxi firms. The danger is that
30 although some rules need to be updated to protect
consumers from harm, incumbents will try to destroy
competition. People who rent out rooms should pay tax,
of course, but they should not be regulated like a Ritz-
Carlton hotel. The lighter rules that typically govern
35 bed-and-breakfasts are more than adequate. The sharing
economy is the latest example of the internet’s value to
consumers. This emerging model is now big and
disruptive enough for regulators and companies to have
woken up to it. That is a sign of its immense potential. It
40 is time to start caring about sharing.Q-1 Which choice provides the best evidence for the author’s claim that sharing-based companies may face serious challenges from established companies?
Correct
Since the question does not provide a line reference and is sufficiently detail-based that you are unlikely to remember the answer, start by plugging in the line reference. You’re looking for a section that discusses challenges to “sharing-based” companies. A) is incorrect because although lines 5-7 discuss examples of sharing-based companies, they focus on the likelihood that people will continue to use them after a single experience; challenges from traditional companies are not mentioned. Be careful with B). The word rival might suggest competition to you, but in fact this section is discussing the opposite: Avis is an example of a traditional company that is getting involved in the sharing economy, not opposing it. C) is correct because lines 27-29 provide a dear example of an instance in which existing taxi companies successfully opposed “peer-to-peer” ride-share companies. D) is incorrect because lines 32-34 have nothing to do with challenges by traditional companies; the author simply voices his opinion regarding regulation.Incorrect -
Question 2 of 5
2. Question
2. This passage is adapted from Abraham Lincoln’s First
Inaugural Address, delivered in 1861.
I hold that in contemplation of universal law and of
the Constitution the Union of these States is perpetual …
If the United States be not a government proper, but
5 an association of States in the nature of contract merely,
can it, as a contract, be peaceably unmade by less than
all the parties who made it? One party to a contract may
violate it-break it, so to speak-but does it not
require all to lawfully rescind it?
10 Descending from these general principles, we find
the proposition that in legal contemplation the Union is
perpetual confirmed by the history of the Union itself.
The Union is much older than the Constitution. It was
formed, in fact, by the Articles of Association in 1774.
15 It was matured and continued by the Declaration of
Independence in 1776. It was further matured, and the
faith of all the then thirteen States expressly plighted
and engaged that it should be perpetual, by the Articles
of Confederation in 1778. And finally, in 1787, one of
20 the declared objects for ordaining and establishing the
Constitution was “to form a more perfect Union.”
But if destruction of the Union by one or by a part
only of the States be lawfully possible, the Union is
less perfect than before the Constitution, having lost the
25 vital element of perpetuity.It follows from these views
that no State upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of
the Union; that resolves and ordinances to that effect are legally
void, and that acts of violence within any State or
30 States against the authority of the United States are
insurrectionary or revolutionary, according to circumstances.
I therefore consider that in view of the Constitution
and the laws the Union is unbroken, and to the extent of
35 my ability, I shall take care, as the Constitution itself
expressly enjoins upon me, that the laws of the Union be
faithfully executed in all the States …
In doing this there needs to be no bloodshed or
violence, and there shall be none unless it be forced
40 upon the national authority. The power confided to
me will be used to hold, occupy, and possess the
property and places belonging to the Government and to
collect the duties and imposts; but beyond what may be
necessary for these objects, there will be no invasion, no
45 using of force against or among the people anywhere.
Where hostility to the United States in any interior
locality shall be so great and universal as to prevent
competent resident citizens from holding the Federal
offices, there will be no attempt to force obnoxious
50 strangers among the people for that object. While the
strict legal right may exist in the Government to enforce
the exercise of these offices, the attempt to do so would
be so irritating and so nearly impracticable withal that I
deem it better to forego for the time the uses of such
55 offices.Q-1 Which choice provides the best support for Lincoln’s claim that the Union must be preserved as a whole?
Correct
The question essentially asks you to find support for the point of the passage, so it isn’t immediately dear where in the passage the answer is most likely to be located. ff you work in order, though, you’ll hit on the answer right away – provided that you back up and get the full context. The key to identifying A) as the answer is to look at the beginning of the paragraph: It follows from these views that no State upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union. Lines 29-31 are used to support this idea. In fact, they are part of the same sentence. A) is thus correct.Incorrect -
Question 3 of 5
3. Question
3. The following passage is adapted from Olympe de
Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Women. It was
initially published in 1791, during the French Revolution,
and was written in response to the Declaration of the
Rights of Man (1789).
Woman, wake up; the toxin of reason is being
heard throughout the whole universe; discover your
rights. The powerful empire of nature is no longer
surrounded by prejudice, fanaticism, superstition, and
5 lies. The flame of truth has dispersed all the clouds of
folly and usurpation. Enslaved man has multiplied his
strength and needs recourse to yours to break his chains.
Having become free, he has become unjust to his
companion. Oh, women, women! When will you cease
10 to be blind? What advantage have you received from
the Revolution? A more pronounced scorn, a more
marked disdain. In the centuries of corruption you ruled
only over the weakness of men. The reclamation of
your patrimony, based on the wise decrees of nature –
15 what have you to dread from such a fine undertaking?
Do you fear that our legislators, correctors of that
morality, long ensnared by political practices now out
of date, will only say again to you: women, what is
there in common between you and us? Everything, you
20 will have to answer. If they persist in their weakness in
putting this hypocrisy in contradiction to their
principles, courageously oppose the force of reason to
the empty pretensions of superiority; unite yourselves
beneath the standards of philosophy; deploy all the
25 energy of your character. Regardless of what barriers
confront you, it is in your power to free yourselves; you
have only to want to. Let us pass not to the shocking
tableau of what you have been in society; and since
national education is in question at this moment, let us
30 see whether our wise legislators will think judiciously
about the education of women. Women have done more harm than good. Constraint
and dissimulation have been their lot. What force has
robbed them of, ruse returned to them; they had recourse
35 to all the resources of their charms, and the most
irreproachable persons did not resist them. Poison and
the sword were both subject to them; they commanded
in crime as in fortune. The French government, especially,
depended throughout the centuries on the nocturnal
40 administrations of women; the cabinet could keep no
secrets as a result of their indiscretions; all have been
subject to the cupidity and ambition of this sex,
formerly contemptible and respected, and since the
revolution, respectable and scorned.
45 In this sort of contradictory situation, what remarks
could I not make! I have but a moment to make them,
but this moment will fix the attention of the remotest
posterity. Under the Old Regime, all was vicious,
all was guilty; but could not the amelioration of
50 conditions be perceived even in the substance of
vices? A woman only had to be beautiful or amiable;
when she possessed these two advantages, she saw a
hundred fortunes at her feet. If she did not profit from
them, she had a bizarre character or a rare philosophy
55 which made her scorn wealth; then she was deemed
to be like a crazy woman. A young, inexperienced
woman, seduced by a man whom she loves, will.
abandon her parents to follow him; the ingrate will
leave her after a few years, and the older she has
60 become with him, the more inhuman is his
inconstancy; if she has children, he will likewise
abandon them. If he is rich, he will consider himself
excused from sharing his fortune with his noble victims.
If some involvement binds him to his duties, he will
65 deny them, trusting that the laws will support him.
If he is married, any other obligation loses its rights.
Then what laws remain to extirpate vice all the way to
its root? The law of dividing wealth and public
administration between men and women. It can easily
70 be seen that one who is born into a rich family gains
very much from such equal sharing. But the one born
into a poor family with merit and virtue – what is her
lot? Poverty and opprobrium. If she does not precisely
excel in music or painting, she cannot be admitted to
75 any public function when she has all the capacity for it.Q-1 Which choice most effectively supports the author’s claim that women have undermined their own cause?
Correct
ff you don’t happen to remember where de Gouges discusses how women have undermined their own cause, the easiest way to find the answer is to skim topic sentences. The information is presented so dearly that this approach is actually a more efficient strategy for finding the answer than is plugging in each choice. In line 32, de Gouges dearly states that Women have done more harm than good, suggesting that the correct set of lines is most likely located nearby. A) contains the only line reference in that paragraph, so check it first because it will almost certainly be used to support that idea. Indeed, lines 40-41 provide a dear example of how women have hurt themselves, indicating that the cabinet (that is, the French government) could keep no secrets as a result of their indiscretions.Incorrect -
Question 4 of 5
4. Question
4. The following passages is adapted from” Makerspaces,
Hackerspaces, and Community Scale Production in
Detroit and Beyond,” 2013 by Sean Ansanelll.
During the mid-l980s, spaces began to emerge
across Europe where computer hackers could convene
for mutual support and camaraderie. In the past few
years, the idea of fostering such shared, physical spaces
5 has been rapidly adapted by the diverse and growing
community of “makers,” who seek to apply the idea of
“hacking” to physical objects, processes, or anything
else that can be deciphered and improved upon.
A hackerspace is described by hackerspaces.org as
10 a “community-operated physicals pace where people
with common interests, often in computers, technology,
science, digital art or electronic art, can meet, socialize,
and/or collaborate.” Such spaces can vary in size,
available technology, and membership structure (some
15 being completely open), but generally share community-
oriented characteristics. Indeed, while the term
“hacker” can sometimes have negative connotations,
modem hackerspaces thrive off of community,
openness, and assimilating diverse viewpoints – these
20 often being the only guiding principles in otherwise
informal organizational structures.
In recent years, the city of Detroit has emerged
as a hotbed for hackerspaces and other DIY
(“Do-It-Yourself”) experiments. Several hackerspaces
25 can already be found throughout the city and several
more are currently in formation. Of course, Detroit’s
attractiveness for such projects can be partially
attributed to cheap real estate, which allows aspiring
hackers to acquire ample space for experimentation.
30 Some observers have also described this kind of making
and tinkering as embedded in the DNA of Detroit’s
residents, who are able to harness substantial
intergenerational knowledge and attract like-minded individuals.
35 Hackerspaces (or “makerspaces”) can be found in
more commercial forms, but the vast majority of spaces
are self-organized and not-for-profit. For example, the
OmniCorp hackerspace operates off member fees to
cover rent and new equipment, from laser cutters to
40 welding tools. OmniCorp also hosts an “open hack
night” every Thursday in which the space is open to
the general public. Potential members are required to
attend at least one open hack night prior to a consensus
vote by the existing members for admittance; no
45 prospective members have yet been denied.
A visit to one of OmniCorp’ s open hack nights
reveals the vast variety of activity and energy existing
in the space. In the main common room alone, activities
range from experimenting with sound installations and
50 learning to program Arduino boards to building
speculative “olold” shapes – all just for the sake of it.
With a general atmosphere of mutual support,
participants in the space are continually encouraged
to help others.
55 One of the most active community-focused initiatives
in the city is the Mt. Elliot Makerspace. Jeff Sturges,
former MIT Media Lab Fellow and Co-Founder of
OmniCorp, started the Mt. Elliot project with the aim of
replicating MIT’s Fab Lab model on a smaller, cheaper
60 scale in Detroit. “Fab Labs” are production facilities that
consist of a small collection of flexible computer-
controlled tools that cover several different scales and
various materials, with the aim to make “almost
anything” (including other machines). The Mt. Elliot
65 Makerspace now offers youth-based skill development
programs in eight areas: Transportation, Electronics,
Digital Tools, Wearables, Design and Fabrication, Food,
Music, and Arts. The range of activities is meant to
provide not only something for everyone, but a well-
70 rounded base knowledge of making to all participants.
While the center receives some foundational support,
the space also derives significant support from the local
community. Makerspaces throughout the city connect
the space’s youth-based programming directly to
75 school curriculums. The growing interest in and development of
hacker/makerspaces has been explained, in part, as a
result of the growing maker movement. Through the
combination of cultural norms and communication
80 channels from open-source production as well as
increasingly available technologies for physical
production, amateur maker communities have developed
in virtual and physical spaces.Q-1 Which choice best supports the author’s claim
that hackerspaces are generally welcoming and
tolerant organizations?Correct
The correct answer must support the idea that hackerspaces “are generally welcoming and tolerant organizations,” so plug in each set of lines and see whether it fits. A) is incorrect because lines 24-26 only indicate that hackerspaces can be found throughout Detroit; there’s no information about whether they’re welcoming or not, and you can’t infer that information from those lines. B) is correct because the statement that no prospective members have yet been denied directly implies that makerspaces are pretty relaxed about whom they allow to join. C) is incorrect because lines 48-51 provide no information about makerspaces’ atmosphere; they only indicate what people actually do at makerspaces. D) is incorrect because lines 71-73 only indicate that makerspaces are supported by the community. Again, there is no information about whether makerspaces are welcoming.Incorrect -
Question 5 of 5
5. Question
5. The following passage Is adapted from “The Origin of the
Ocean Floor” by Peter Keleman, 2009 by The National
Geographic Society. At the dark bottom of our cool oceans, 85 percent
of the earth’s volcanic eruptions proceed virtually
unnoticed. Though unseen, they are hardly
insignificant. Submarine volcanoes generate the solid
5 underpinnings of all the world’s oceans massive slabs
of rock seven kilometers thick. Geophysicists first began to appreciate the
smoldering origins of the land under the sea, known
formally as ocean crust, in the early 1960s. Sonar
10 surveys revealed that volcanoes form nearly continuous
ridges that wind around the globe like seams on a
baseball. Later, the same scientists strove to explain
what fuels these erupting mountain ranges, called mid-
ocean ridges. Basic theories suggest that because ocean
15 crust pulls apart along the ridges, hot material deep
within the earth’s rocky interior must rise to fill the gap.
But details of exactly where the lava originates and
how it travels to the surface long remained a mystery.
In recent years mathematical models of the
20 interaction between molten and solid rock have
provided some answers, as have examinations of
blocks of old seafloor now exposed on the continents.
These insights made it possible to develop a detailed
theory describing the birth of ocean crust. The process
25 turns out to be quite different from the typical
layperson’s idea, in which fiery magma fills an
enormous chamber underneath a volcano, then rages
upward along a jagged crack. Instead the process
begins dozens of kilometers under the seafloor, where
30 tiny droplets of melted rock ooze through microscopic
pores at a rate of about 10 centimeters a year, about
as fast as fingernails grow. Closer to the surface, the process speeds up,
culminating with massive streams of lava pouring
35 over the seafloor with the velocity of a speeding truck.
Deciphering how liquid moves through solid rock
deep underground not only explains how ocean crust
emerges but also may elucidate the behavior of other
fluid-transport networks, including the river systems
40 that dissect the planet’s surface. Far below the mid-ocean ridge volcanoes and their
countless layers of crust-forming lava is the mantle,
a 3,200-kilometer-thick layer of scorching hot rock
that forms the earth’s midsection and surrounds its
45 metallic core. At the planet’s cool surface, upthrusted
mantle rocks are dark green, but if you could see
them in their rightful home, they would be glowing
red- or even white-hot. The top of the mantle is about
J ,300 degrees Celsius, and it gets about one degree
50 hotter with each kilometer of depth. The weight of
overlying rock means the pressure also increases
with depth about 1,000 atmospheres for every three
kilometers. Knowledge of the intense heat and pressure in
55 the mantle led researchers to hypothesize in the late
1960s that ocean crust originates as tiny amounts
of liquid rock known as melt almost as though the
solid rocks were “sweating.” Even a minuscule
release of pressure (because of material rising from
60 its original position) causes melt to form in
microscopic pores deep within the mantle rock.
Explaining how the rock sweat gets to the
surface was more difficult. Melt is less dense than
the mantle rocks in which it forms, so it will
65 constantly try to migrate upward, toward regions of
lower pressure. But what laboratory experiments
revealed about the chemical composition of melt
did not seem to match up with the composition of
rock samples collected from the mid-ocean ridges,
70 where erupted melt hardens. Using specialized equipment to heat and squeeze
crystals from mantle rocks in the laboratory,
investigators learned that the chemical composition
of melt in the mantle varies depending on the depth
75 at which it forms; the composition is controlled by
an exchange of atoms between the melt and the
minerals that make up the solid rock it passes through.
The experiments revealed that as melt rises, it
dissolves one kind of mineral, orthopyroxene, and
80 precipitates, or leaves behind, another mineral,
olivine. Researchers could thus infer that the higher
in the mantle melt formed, the more orthopyroxene
it would dissolve, and the more olivine it would
leave behind. Comparing these experimental findings
85 with lava samples from the mid-ocean ridges
revealed that almost all of them have the composition
of melts that formed at depths greater than 45 kilometers.Q-1 A student states that the ocean crust is formed by explosive volcanic eruptions. Is the student correct or incorrect, and which lines provide the best support?
Correct
The key to answering this question is to be aware of the “old idea/new idea” structure, because that is exactly what this question targets. The third paragraph indicates that the typical layperson’s idea of how ocean crust forms revolves around a massive underwater explosion. That’s the wrong idea. In line 28, the word Instead signals the transition to the correct explanation: tiny droplets of melted rock ooze up at an incredibly slow rate. That information indicates that the student’s statement is incorrect, so the answer is C). If you haven’t clued into that information while reading the passage and plug in the answers individually, you run a serious risk of falling into the trap in B). That answer cites the lines describing what people typically believe, but the phrase the typical layperson’s idea isn’t included in the line reference. If you miss that information, you could easily think that the information in B) describes what actually occurs rather than a mistaken understanding of the phenomenon. A) is incorrect because lines 14-16 only state that hot material within the earth rises to the surface, but they do not explain how that occurs. D) is incorrect because lines 45-48 only describe the rocks before they rise to the surface – they say nothing about how that change takes place.Incorrect
