1. To understand what the new software- that is,
analytics-can do that’s different from more familiar
software like spreadsheets, word processing, and
graphics, consider the lowly photograph. Here the
5.relevant facts aren’t how many bytes constitute a digital
photograph, or a billion of them. That’s about as
instructive as counting the silver halide molecules used
to form a single old-fashioned print photo. The important
feature of a digital image’s bytes is that, unlike
10. crystalline molecules, they are uniquely easy to store,
transport, and manipulate with software. In the first era
of digital images, people were fascinated by the
convenience and malleability (think PhotoShop) of
capturing, storing, and sharing pictures. Now, instead of
15. using software to manage photos, we can mine features
of the bytes that make up the digital image. Facebook
can, without privacy invasion, track where and when,
for example, vacationing is trending, since digital images
reveal at least that much. But more importantly, those
20. data can be cross-correlated, even in real time, with
seemingly unrelated data such as local weather, interest
rates, crime figures, and so on. Such correlations
associated with just one photograph aren’t revealing.
But imagine looking at billions of photos over weeks,
25. months, years, then correlating them with dozens of
directly related data sets (vacation bookings, air traffic),
tangential information( weather, interest rates,
unemployment), or orthogonal information (social or
political trends). With essentially free super-computing,
30. we can mine and usefully associate massive, formerly
unrelated data sets and unveil all manner of economic,
cultural, and social realities. For science fiction aficionados, Isaac Asimov
anticipated the idea of using massive data sets to predict
35. human behaviour, coining it “psychohistory” in his 1951
Foundation trilogy. The bigger the data set, Asimov said
then, the more predictable the future. With big-data
analytics, one can finally see the forest, instead of just
the capillaries in the tree leaves. Or to put it in more
40. accurate terms, one can see beyond the apparently
random motion of a few thousand molecules of air inside
a balloon; one can see the balloon itself, and beyond that,
that it is inflating, that it is yellow, and that it is part of a
bunch of balloons en route to a birthday party. The
45. data/software world has, until now, been largely about
looking at the molecules inside one balloon.

Q-1 The main idea of the passage is that

Q-2 The author’s central claim in the second paragraph is that

2. This passage is adapted from Jamaica Kincaid,
Annie John, 1985 Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
The protagonist is a girl growing up in the Caribbean.
It was the first day of a new term, Miss Nelson
said, so we would not be attending to any of our usual
subjects; instead, we were to spend the morning in
contemplation and reflection and writing something she
5.described as an “autobiographical essay,” In the
afternoon, we would read aloud to each other our
auto-biographical essays.( I knew quite well about
“autobiography” and “essay,” but reflection and
contemplation! A day at schools pent in such a way!
10. Of course, in most books all the good people were
always contemplating and reflecting before they did
anything. Perhaps in her mind’s eye she could see our
future and, against all prediction, we turned out to be
good people.) On hearing this, a huge sigh went up
15. from the girls. Half the sighs were in happiness at the thought of
sitting and gazing off into clear space, the other half in
unhappiness at the misdeeds that would have to go
unaccomplished. I joined the happy half, because I
20. knew it would please Miss Nelson, and, my own
selfish interest aside, I liked so much the way she wore
her ironed hair and her long-sleeved blouse and box-
pleated skirt that I wanted to please her.
The morning was uneventful enough: a girl
25. spilled ink from her inkwell all over her uniform; a
girl broke her pen nib and then made a big to-do about
replacing it; girls twisted and turned in their seats and
pinched each other’s bottoms; girls passed notes to
each other. All this Miss Nelson must have seen and
30. heard, but she didn’t say anything-only kept reading
her book: an elaborately illustrated edition of The
Tempest, as later, passing by her desk, I saw. Midway
in the morning, we were told to go out and stretch
our legs and breathe some fresh air for a few minutes;
35. when we returned, we were given glasses of cold
lemonade and a slice of bun to refresh us.
As soon as the sun stood in the middle of the sky,
we were sent home for lunch. The earth may have
grown an inch or two larger between the time I had
40. walked to school that morning and the time I went
home to lunch, for some girls made a small space for.
me in their little band. But I couldn’t pay much attention
to them; my mind was on my new surroundings, my
new teacher, what I had written in my nice new
45.notebook with its black-all-mixed-up-with-white cover
and smooth lined pages (so glad was I to get rid of my
old notebooks, which had on their covers a picture of a
wrinkled-up woman wearing a crown on her head and a
neckful and armfuls of diamonds and pearls-their
50. pages so coarse, as if they were made of cornmeal).
I flew home. I must have eaten my food. By half past
one, we were sitting under a flamboyant tree in a
secluded part of our schoolyard, our auto-biographical
essays in hand. We were about to read aloud what
55. we had written during our morning of contemplation
and reflection. In response to Miss Nelson, each girl
stood up and read her composition. One girl told of a
much revered and loved aunt who now lived in
England and of how much she looked forward to
60. one day moving to England to live with her aunt; one
girl told of her brother studying medicine In Canada
and the life she imagined he lived there (It seemed
quite odd to me); one girl told of the fright she had
when she dreamed she was dead, and of the matching
65. fright she had when she woke and found that she
wasn’t (everyone laughed at this, and Miss Nelson
had to call us to order over and over); one girl told of
how her oldest sister’s best friend’s cousin’s best friend
(it was a real rigmarole) had gone on a Girl Guide
70. jamboree held in Trinidad and met someone who
millions of years ago had taken tea with Lady Baden-
Powell; one girl told of an excursion she and her
father had made to Redonda, and of how they had
seen some booby birds tending their chicks. Things
75. went on in that way, all so playful, all so imaginative.
I began to wonder about what I had written, for it was
the opposite of playful and it was the opposite of
imaginative. What I had written was heartfelt, and,
except for the very end, it was all too true.

Q-1 Which choice best summarizes the passage?

Q-2 The primary purpose of the passage is to

3. The following passage Is adapted from Olympe de
Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Women. It was
initially published in 1791, during the French Revolution,
and was written in response to the Declaration of the
Rights of Man (1789).
Woman, wake up; the toxin of reason is being
heard throughout the whole universe; discover your
rights. The powerful empire of nature is no longer
surrounded by prejudice, fanaticism, superstition, and
5. lies. The flame of truth has dispersed all the clouds of
folly and usurpation. Enslaved man has multiplied his
strength and needs recourse to yours to break his chains.
Having become free, he has become unjust to his
companion. Oh, women, women! When will you cease
10. to be blind? What advantage have you received from
the Revolution? A more pronounced scorn, a more
marked disdain. In the centuries of corruption you ruled
only over the weakness of men. The reclamation of
your patrimony, based on the wise decrees of nature –
15. what have you to dread from such a fine undertaking?
Do you fear that our legislators, correctors of that
morality, long ensnared by political practices now out
of date, will only say again to you: women, what is
there in common between you and us? Everything, you
20. will have to answer. If they persist in their weakness in
putting this hypocrisy in contradiction to their
principles, courageously oppose the force of reason to
the empty pretensions of superiority; unite yourselves
beneath the standards of philosophy; deploy all the
25. energy of your character. Regardless of what barriers
confront you, it is in your power to free yourselves; you
have only to want to. Let us pass not to the shocking
tableau of what you have been in society; and since
national education is in question at this moment, let us
30. see whether our wise legislators will think judiciously
about the education of women.
Women have done more harm than good. Constraint
and dissimulation have been their lot. What force has
robbed them of, ruse returned to them; they had recourse
35. to all the resources of their charms, and the most
irreproachable persons did not resist them. Poison and
the sword were both subject to them; they commanded
in crime as in fortune. The French government, especially,
depended throughout the centuries on the nocturnal
40. administrations of women; the cabinet could keep no
secrets as a result of their indiscretions; all have been
subject to the cupidity and ambition of this sex,
formerly contemptible and respected, and since the
revolution, respectable and scorned.
45. In this sort of contradictory situation, what remarks
could I not make! I have but a moment to make them,
but this moment will fix the attention of the remotest
posterity. Under the Old Regime, all was vicious,
all was guilty; but could not the amelioration of
50. conditions be perceived even in the substance of
vices? A woman only had to be beautiful or lovable;
when she possessed these two advantages, she saw a
hundred fortunes at her feet. If she did not profit from
them, she had a bizarre character or a rare philosophy
55. which made her scorn wealth; then she was deemed
to be like a crazy woman. A young, inexperienced
woman, seduced by a man whom she loves, will.
abandon her parents to follow him; the ingrate will
leave her after a few years, and the older she has
60. become with him the more inhuman is his
inconstancy; if she has children, he will likewise
abandon them. If he is rich, he will consider himself.
excused from sharing his fortune with his noble victims.
If some involvement binds him to his duties, he will
65. deny them, trusting that the laws will support him.
If he is married, any other obligation loses its rights.
Then what laws remain to extirpate vice all the way to
its root? The law of dividing wealth and public
administration between men and women. It can easily
70. be seen that one who is born into a rich family gains
very much from such equal sharing. But the one born
into a poor family with merit and virtue – what is her
lot? Poverty and opprobrium. If she does not precisely
excel in music or painting, she cannot be admitted to
75. any public function when she has all the capacity for it.

Q-1 The central problem that the author describes in the second paragraph (lines 32-44) is that women

Q-2 The author’s main point in the passage is that

4. The following passage is adapted from Julian Jackson,
“New Research Suggests Dinosaurs Were Warm-Blooded
and Active” 2011 by Julian Jackson.
New research from the University of Adelaide has
added to the debate about whether dinosaurs were coldblooded
and sluggish or warm-blooded and active.
Professor Roger Seymour from the University’s School
5. of Earth & Environmental Sciences has applied the
latest theories of human and animal anatomy and
physiology to provide insight into the lives of dinosaurs.
Human thigh bones have tiny holes – known as the
10. “nutrient foramen” – on the shaft that supply blood to
living bone cells inside. New research has shown that
the size of those holes is related to the maximum rate
that a person can be active during aerobic exercise.
Professor Seymour has used this principle to evaluate
15. the activity levels of dinosaurs. “Far from being lifeless,
bone cells have a relatively high metabolic rate and they therefore
require a large blood supply to deliver oxygen. On the inside of the
bone, the blood supply comes usually from a single
20. artery and vein that pass through a hole on the shaft – the nutrient foramen,
” he says. Professor Seymour wondered whether the size of
the nutrient foramen might indicate how much blood
was necessary to keep the bones in good repair. For
25.example, highly active animals might cause more bone
‘microfractures,’ requiring more frequent repairs by the
bone cells and therefore a greater blood supply. “My
aim was to see whether we could use fossil bones of
dinosaurs to indicate the level of bone metabolic rate
30. and possibly extend it to the whole body’s metabolic
rate,” he says. “One of the big controversies among
paleobiologists is whether dinosaurs were cold-blooded
and sluggish or warm-blooded and active. Could the
size of the foramen be a possible gauge for dinosaur
35 metabolic rate?” Comparisons were made with the
sizes of the holes in living mammals and reptiles,
and their metabolic rates. Measuring mammals ranging from mice to elephants,
and reptiles from lizards to crocodiles, one
40. of Professor Seymour’s Honors students, Sarah Smith,
combed the collections of Australian museums,
photographing and measuring hundreds of tiny holes in
thigh bones. “The results were unequivocal. The sizes of the holes.
45. were related closely to the maximum metabolic rates
during peak movement in mammals and reptiles,”
Professor Seymour says. ”The holes found in mammals
were about 10 times larger than those in reptiles.”
These holes were compared to those of fossil
50 dinosaurs. Dr. Don Henderson, Curator of
Dinosaurs from the Royal Tyrrell Museum in
Alberta, Canada, and Daniela Schwarz-Wings from
the Museum fur Naturkunde Humboldt University
Berlin, Germany measured the holes in 10 species of
55 dinosaurs from five different groups, including
bipedal and quadrupedal carnivores and herbivores,
weighing 50kg to 20,000kg.”On a relative comparison to
eliminate the differences in body size, all of the dinosaurs had.
60. holes in their thigh bones larger than those of
mammals,” Professor Seymour says. “The dinosaurs appeared to be even
more active than the mammals. We certainly didn’t expect to see
that. These results provide additional weight to
65 theories that dinosaurs were warm-blooded and
highly active creatures, rather than cold-blooded
and sluggish.” Professor Seymour says following the results of
this study, it’s likely that a simple measurement of
70. foramen size could be used to evaluate maximum
activity levels in other vertebrate animals.

Q-1 The main purpose of the passage is to

Q-2 Which of the following best summarizes the findings of Professor Seymour’s study?

5. This passage is adapted from a 1950 speech by Dean
Acheson, who served as Secretary of State from 1949
to 1953 and strongly influenced United States foreign
policy during the Cold War.
However much we may sympathize with the
Soviet citizens who for reasons bedded deep in history
are obliged to live under it, we are not attempting to
change the governmental or social structure of the Soviet
5 Union. The Soviet regime, however, has devoted a major
portion of its energies and resources to the attempt to
impose its system on other peoples. In this attempt it
has shown itself prepared to resort to any method or
stratagem, including subversion, threats, and even
10 military force. Therefore, if the two systems are to coexist, some
acceptable means must be found to free the world from
the destructive tensions and anxieties of which it has
been the victim in these past years and the continuance
15 of which can hardly be in the interests of any people.
I wish, therefore, to speak to you about those points
of greatest difference which must be identified and
sooner or later reconciled if the two systems are to live
together, if not with mutual respect, at least in
20 reasonable security.It is now nearly 5 years since
the end of hostilities, and the victorious Allies have
been unable to define the terms of peace with the defeated countries.
This is a grave, a deeply disturbing fact. For our part, we do not
25. intend nor wish, in fact we do not know how, to create
satellites. Nor can we accept a settlement which would
make Germany, Japan, or liberated Austria satellites of
the Soviet Union. The experience in Hungary, Rumania,
and Bulgaria has been one of bitter disappointment and
30 shocking betrayal of the solemn pledges by the wartime
Allies. The Soviet leaders joined in the pledge at Tehran
that they looked forward “with confidence to the day
when all peoples of the world may live free lives,
untouched by tyranny, and according to their varying
35 desires and their own consciences.” We can accept
treaties of peace which would give reality to this pledge
and to the interests of all in security. With regard to the
whole group of countries which we are accustomed to
thinking of as the satellite area, the
40 Soviet leaders could withdraw their military and police
force and refrain from using the shadow of that force to
keep in power persons or regimes which do not command
the confidence of the respective peoples, freely expressed
through orderly representative processes.
45 In this connection, we do not insist that these
governments have any particular political or social
complexion. What concerns us is that they should be .
truly independent national regimes, with a will of their
own and with a decent foundation in popular feeling.
50 The Soviet leaders could cooperate with us to the
end that the official representatives of all countries are
treated everywhere with decency and respect and that
an atmosphere is created in which these representatives
could function in a normal and helpful manner,
55 conforming to the accepted codes of diplomacy.
These are some of the things which we feel that
Soviet leaders could do which would permit the
rational and peaceful development of the coexistence
of their system and ours. They are not things that go to
60 the depths of the moral conflict. They have been
formulated by us, not as moralists but as servants of
government, anxious to get on with the practical
problems that lie before us and to get on with them in
a manner consistent with mankind’s deep longing for a
65 respite from fear and uncertainty.
Nor have they been formulated as a one-sided
bargain. A will to achieve binding, peaceful settlements
would be required of all participants. All would have
to produce unmistakable evidence of their good faith.
70 All would have to accept agreements in the observance
of which all nations could have real confidence.
The United States is ready, as it has been and always
will be, to cooperate in genuine efforts to find peaceful
settlements. Our attitude is not inflexible, our opinions
75 are not frozen, our positions are not and will not be
obstacles to peace. But it takes more than one to
cooperate. If the Soviet Union could join in doing these
things I have outlined, we could all face the future with
greater security. We could look forward to more than
80 the eventual reduction of some of the present tensions.
We could anticipate a return to a more normal and
relaxed diplomatic atmosphere and to progress in the
transaction of some of the international business which
needs so urgently to be done.

Q-1 What is the main idea of the passage?

Q-2 The primary purpose of the passage is to

Q-3 The main idea of the fourth paragraph (lines 21-37) is that

6. The following passage Is adapted from George Orwell,
“Keep the Aspidistra Flying: first published In 1936.
Gordon, the protagonist. Is a poet.
Gordon walked homeward against the rattling wind,
which blew his hair backward and gave him more of a
‘good’ forehead than ever. His manner conveyed to the
passers-by – at least, he hoped it did-that if he wore
5 no overcoat it was from pure caprice.
Willowbed Road, NW, was dingy and depressing,
although it contrived to keep up a kind of mingy
decency. There was even a dentist’s brass plate on one
of the houses. In quite two-thirds of them, amid the
10 lace curtains of the parlor window, there was a green
card with’ Apartments’ on it in silver lettering, above the
peeping foliage of an aspidistra.•
Mrs. Wisbeach, Gordon’s landlady, specialized in
‘single gentlemen.’ Bed-sitting-rooms, with gaslight laid
15 on and find your own heating, baths extra (there was a
geyser), and meals in the tomb-dark dining-room with
the phalanx of clotted sauce-bottles in the middle of
the table . Gordon, who came home for his midday dinner,
paid twenty-seven and six a week.
20 The gaslight shone yellow through the frosted transom
above the door of Number 31. Gordon took out his key
and fished about in the keyhole – in that kind of house
the key never quite fits the lock. The darkish little
hallway – in reality it was only a passage – smelt of
25 dishwater and cabbage. Gordon glanced at the japanned
tray on the ball-stand. No letters, of course . He had
told himself not to hope for a letter , and nevertheless
bad continued to hope. A stale feeling, not quite a pain,
settled upon his breast. Rosemary might have written!
30 It was four days now since she had written. Moreover,
be bad sent out to magazines and bad not yet had returned
to him. The one thing that made the evening bearable
was to find a letter waiting for him when he got home.
But be received very few letters – four or five in a week
35 at the very most.
On the left of the hall was the never-used parlor,
then came the staircase, and beyond that the passage ran
down to the kitchen and to the unapproachable lair
inhabited by Mrs. Wisbeach herself. As Gordon came in,
40 the door at the end of the passage opened a foot or so.
Mrs. Wisbeacb’s face emerged, inspected him briefly
but suspiciously, and disappeared again. It was quite
impossible to get in or out of the house, at any time
before eleven at night, without being scrutinized in this
45 manner. Just what Mrs. Wisbeach suspected you of it
was hard to say. She was one of those malignant
respectable women who keep lodging-houses. Age
about forty-five, stout but active, with a pink, fine- .
featured, horribly observant face, beautifully grey hall’•
50 and a permanent grievance.
In the familiar darkness of his room, Gordon felt for
the gas-jet and lighted it. The room was medium-~ized,
not big enough to be curtained into two, but too big to
be sufficiently wanned by one defective oil lamp. It had
55 the sort of furniture you expect in a top floor bac~.
White-quilted single-bed· brown lino floor-covenng;
wash-hand-stand with ju~ and basin of th_at ~heap white
ware which you can never see without thinkin~ of
chamberpots. On the window-sill there was a sickly
60 aspidistra in a green-glazed pot.
Up against this, under the window, there w~ a
kitchen table with an inkstained green cloth. This was
Gordon’s ‘writing’ table. It was only after a bitt~r .
struggle that he had induced Mrs. Wisbeach to give him
65 a kitchen table instead of the bamboo ‘occasional’
table – a mere stand for the aspidistra – which she
considered proper for a top floor back . And even now
there was endless nagging because Gordon would never
allow his table to be ‘tidied up.’ The table was in a
70 permanent mess. It was almost covered with a muddle
of papers, perhaps two hundred sheets, grimy and
dog-eared, and all written on and crossed out and written
on again – a sort of sordid labyrinth of papers to which
only Gordon possessed the key. There was a film of
75 dust over everything. Except for a few books on the
mantelpiece, this table, with its mess of papers, was the
sole mark Gordon’s personality bad left on the room.
•a bulbous plant with broad leaves often used as a
houseplant.

Q-1 Which choice correctly states the order of events in the passage?

Q-2 The primary purpose of the passage is to